Custody is the legal responsibility for the care and control of your child under 18 years of age. The court may give custody of your child to one or both parents. There are two types of custody: legal and physical.

Legal custody is the right to make major decisions about your child. Some types of decisions included in the right of legal custody are: where your child goes to school, whether your child gets surgery, and what kind of religious training your child receives.

Physical custody refers to who your child lives with on a day-to-day basis. It is the physical care and supervision of your child.

Parenting time refers to the time your child spends with the non-custodial parent. This is also commonly known as visitation. If the parents reach an agreement about parenting time, then the judge will accept this agreement unless the judge believes it’s not in the best interest of the child.¹ When your child has parenting time with the other parent, that parent will decide routine matters related to the child, such as the child’s bedtime, who the child sees, what the child eats, etc.²

Michigan law assumes that the best interest of the child is to have a strong relationship with both of his/her parents.³ So, parenting time will likely be distributed in a way that promotes a strong bond between the child and both parents. However, the judge will not presume it’s best for your child to spend time with both parents if you can show by clear and convincing evidence that it would put your child’s physical, mental, or emotional health in danger.⁴ You can see more information about this on our question How will a judge make a decision about parenting time?

¹ MCL § 722.27a(2)
² MCL § 722.27a(11)
³ MCL § 722.27a(1)
⁴ MCL § 722.27a(3)

Mediation is a process by which parents attempt to reach an agreement relating to custody and visitation of their child with the help of a neutral third party, known as a mediator. There are four types of mediation in Michigan.¹ The Michigan Custody Guideline includes a description of each one, including which type of mediation:

• can be ordered by the judge or requested by the parents;
• has to be paid by the parents and which one is free;²
• allows for the shared information to be kept confidential;
• allows the parents to request reports from the mediator at the end of a mediation where no agreement is reached.¹

It’s important to know that the mediator often guides the discussion process between the parents and tries to come to a compromise that both parents are happy with. However, the mediator cannot force you to agree to something that you don’t want.

¹ See the Michigan Custody Guideline
² Michigan: A Guide to Custody, Parenting Time and Support

Before filing in court for custody, you may want to consider drawing up an out-of-court agreement with the other parent. Usually parents will have to be flexible when it comes to custody and visitation for the benefit of the child. Often times, parents who fight for sole custody will litigate in court for months or even years and end up with some sort of joint custody agreement after settlement or trial. However, sometimes fighting for sole custody is necessary because you can’t agree with the other parent, the other parent is not allowing contact, or your fear for your child’s well-being. Especially with domestic violence, many abusers will try to keep power and control over the victim-survivor through the child, so joint custody isn’t recommended due to the power difference in the relationship.

If you decide to file in court for custody, although custody laws vary by state, the process usually looks similar to this:

1. File for custody. Depending on the state, you may file in the family court or a court of a different name that hears custody cases. Generally, you will file in the county where the child lives and, depending on the circumstances, you may be able to request an emergency or temporary order as part of your petition. The exact petition you file may depend on whether you are married or not:

• If you are a married parent who is also filing for divorce, you can usually include the custody petition within the divorce process.
• If you are a married parent who is not filing for divorce, you can file for custody on its own.
• If you are an unmarried parent, you can also seek custody in court. However, if paternity hasn’t been established, which means that the father hasn’t been legally recognized, then this process will likely have to happen first or as part of the custody process.

2. Prepare for the custody process

The court custody process is usually very long and can be emotionally and financially draining. If you are representing yourself in court, you can learn about the court process and how to present evidence on our Preparing for Court – By Yourself section. If you are able to hire an attorney, you can use this list of questions as your guide when deciding who to hire.

During the court process, you will try to prove why you should have your child’s custody. When preparing for court, you can gather evidence that helps make your case as to why you should have custody of the child. This process should be directed by the factors the law says a judge should consider when deciding custody. You can see How will a judge make a decision about custody? (“Best interest of the child” standard) for more information. It’s important to consider that the judge will be focused on what is in the best interest of your child and many states consider that this is to have a relationship with both parents.

3. Prepare for trial

There will be one or more hearings, including a trial, if the parties cannot reach an agreement by themselves or as part of a mediation process. During trial, you or your attorney will be able to present evidence and to cross-examine the other party to help the judge make a decision.

If you are a victim of domestic violence, you can plan for your safety while in court and you should ask the judge to include some protections in the custody order. For example, you can ask for some of the following terms:

• communications between the parents can only be in writing;
• all communications can only be related to the child; and
• a neutral third party should be present at the exchange of the child or should be the one to drop off and pick up the child.

You should also try to be as specific as possible in terms of the decision-making powers of each parent, who has the child on holidays, birthdays, etc., and the time and place for pick-ups and drop-offs of the child as to avoid future conflicts.

4. Options if you lose the custody case

There could be a couple of options that are filed immediately after the judge makes the custody order:

• A motion for reconsideration asks the judge to decide differently based on the law or new evidence.
• An appeal moves the case to a higher court and asks that court to review the lower court’s decision due a judge’s error.

A petition to change (modify) the order is an option that would not be filed right away. You could ask for a modification if, later on, a substantial change of circumstances happens. A few examples could be if the other parent gets sent to jail, gets charged with child abuse or neglect, or moves to another state.

You can also watch our Custody, Visitation, and Child Support videos where we explain the process. The videos include information about the different types of custody and visitation and related legal concepts that a judge will consider, child support, and moving out of state with your child.

To decide whether or not to order parenting time and what sort of schedule would be best, the judge has to look for what’s in the best interest of the child. You can read the factors the judge will consider in How will a judge make a decision about custody? (“Best interest of the child” standard).

To establish how often (frequency), the length (duration), and they type of parenting time, the judge may consider:

• any special circumstances or needs of your child;
• if your child is less than six months of age and nursing or less than one year of age and receiving a considerable amount of his/her nutrition from nursing;
• if there is a reasonable possibility of your child being abused or neglected during parenting time;
• if there is a reasonable possibility that you will be abused during parenting time;
• how inconvenient or burdensome it would be to make your child travel for parenting time;
• how reasonable it is that either parent will be able to use (exercise) his/her parenting time based on the court order;
• if either parent has frequently failed to use or provide (exercise) reasonable parenting time;
• if either parent has threatened or has actually taken the child with the intent of keeping him/her from the other parent or from someone else who has legal custody except if this was a temporary residence in a domestic violence shelter; or
• any other relevant factors.¹

¹ MCL § 722.27a(7)

The judge will take into consideration any act of domestic violence committed by either parent, regardless of whether the violence was directed against, or witnessed by, the child.¹ It is possible, however, that a parent who has committed violence will get custody or visitation.

It is recommended that you seek legal advice from a lawyer to assist you in a custody case involving domestic violence issues. For information on how to find a lawyer, see our MI Finding a Lawyer page.

¹ See MCL § 722.23(k)

If you are not comfortable with the abuser being alone with your child, you might be thinking about asking the judge to order that his/her parenting time with your child be supervised. If you are already in court because the abuser filed for custody or parenting time, you may not have much to lose by asking that the visits be supervised if you can present a valid reason for your request, although this may depend on your situation.

However, if there is no current court case, please get legal advice before you start a court case to ask for supervised parenting time. We strongly recommend that you talk to an attorney who specializes in custody matters to find out what you would have to prove to get supervised parenting time and how long supervised visits would last, based on the facts of your case.

In the majority of cases, supervised parenting time is only a temporary measure. Although the exact parenting time order will vary by state, county, or judge, the judge might order a professional to observe the other parent on a certain amount of visits. Another common alternative is for the parenting time to be supervised by a relative for a certain amount of time. If there are no obvious problems during this visits, they may likely become unsupervised. Oftentimes, at the end of a case, the other parent ends up with more frequent and/or longer visits than s/he had before you went into court or even some form of custody.

In some cases, to protect your child from immediate danger by the abuser, starting a case to ask for custody and supervised visits is appropriate. To find out what may be best in your situation, please go to MI Finding a Lawyer to seek out legal advice.

If you are planning to permanently move with your child, which the law refers to as changing the legal residence of the child,¹ there are some things you should consider:

• You don’t need consent from the other parent or authorization from the court if:
  • you’re moving within 100 miles from the other parent’s residence;
  • the parents’ residences were farther than 100 miles apart when the custody case started;²or
  • you have sole custody of your child.³
• You will need the other parent’s consent or court authorization if you want to move farther than a 100 miles from the other parents’ residence.³

If you need court authorization to move with your child, the judge will look at the following factors:

1. if the move would improve your child’s quality of life and your own;
2. the extent to which both parents have used their court-ordered parenting time with the child;
3. the likelihood that you want to move so that the other parent cannot have his/her allotted parenting time;
4. if the parenting time schedule can be changed so that the child-parent relationship with the other parent can continue to be maintained and encouraged;
5. the likelihood of both parents following (complying with) a modified order;
6. if the other parent seems to be opposing the move in order to pay less child support; and
7. domestic violence, regardless of whether the violence was directed against or witnessed by the child.⁴

If you are trying to flee a domestic violence situation, you might be able to move to a safe location with your child while the judge makes a decision on the case.⁵ However, it’s possible that the judge will order you to move back to the state if s/he eventually denies your request to move.

¹ MCL § 722.31(1)
² MCL § 722.31(3)
³ MCL § 722.31(2)
⁴ MCL § 722.31(4)
⁵ MCL § 722.31(6)

Unless there is a restraining order that says otherwise, both parents will have access to the child’s records, even if the child lives with only one parent. Records include, but are not limited to, medical, dental, daycare, and educational records, including notification of school meetings related to your child.¹

¹ MCL § 722.30